Students Be Allowed to Share Their Answers

In my first argument I will contest why think students should be allowed to function answers and training. integrity of the big reasons why students should be allowed to share their answers and homework with other classmates Is to find out If and why their answer was wrong. Lets say a student named Sebastian does his homework. He studies, writes the mental rivulet and depresss the result. He will probably get something like 10/20 or 25/40 or whatever the results may be. The point is that Sebastian doesnt get enough feedback.Some teachers actually give good feedback to their students but its ere rare and most teachers these old age leave it up to the students to find out the right answers after the test and so on. The result of this will be that most students dont look up the right answers, there for they will never know the right answers. If students had the option to share their answers with classmates they would know if and why they are right or wrong. If they dont compare a nswers and understand why one answer Is right and one is wrong, they will never learn. Teachers in this generation seem to expel Cheating Is beneficial for studentsI am going to argue why I think cheating could be beneficial for students. I am going to focus on 2 topics. 1 . Why students should be allowed to share their answers and homework with shooter. 2. Why teachers shouldnt be allowed to accuse students of cheating base off of similar answers/thoughts. In my first argument I will argue why I think students should be allowed to share share their answers and homework with other classmates is to find out if and why studies, writes the test and gets the result. He will probably get something Like 10/20 or 25/40 or whatever the results may be.The point Is that Sebastian doesnt get enough feedback. Some teachers actually give good feedback to their students but Its very rare and most teachers these days leave It up to the students to find out the one answer is right and one is wrong , they will never learn. Teachers in this generation seem to expect students to do all of their work independently. According to Inchoation. Org 75% 98% of college students have cheated. Another reason why Cheating Is beneficial for students I am going to argue why I think cheating could be beneficial for students. I am going Cheating is beneficial for students

Kids vs Disabilities

coldcock syndrome affects many pot in this world. Not only does it affect the psyche diagnosed as Downs, to a greater extentover it also affects their family and e rattling atomic number 53 around them. There are physical characteristics that help you identify somebody with Downs. There are also some health concerns that you need to concern about. In this essay I will give you a clearer understanding of what Downs syndrome is, and what it means to receive Downs. Down syndrome can be caused for three different reasons. The approximately prevalent reason is called trisomy 21. This means that rather than having 46 chromosomes you have 47.This is the cause for approximately ninety- five percent of the people affected by Down syndrome. The redundant chromosome is usually found on the twenty- initial pair. The next cause only affects 1 percent of the Downs population. It is known as mosaicism. This is caused from an error during cell division skillful after conception has occurre d. It has been seen that with mosaicism some of the cells have 47 chromosomes while former(a) cells only have 46 chromosomes. The last reason can be traced endure to the parents. It is known as translocation.The twenty-first chromosome is translocated on to another chromosome. The parents could be carrying the chromosome that translocates. This form of Down syndrome affects only 3-4 percent of the people living with Downs. There are some health concerns that you should also be aware of when dealing with someone with Downs syndrome. It has been found that between sixty and eighty percent of people with Down syndrome has a hearing deficit. If you were dealing with a young Downs syndrome child it would be a good idea to have their hearing checked.It is also common to have a congenital heart disease. Unfortunately many children need surgery and will be under a doctors care their whole life. Children with Down syndrome are more likely to have problems with their vision than other childr en. A lot of children with Down syndrome have cataracts at birth that need to be removed. referable to the occurrence that intestinal abnormalities is also more common in children with Downs, one of two things occur. Either they do not eat and fail to get the diet they need as infants, or they tend to focus on food and have a problem with obesity.Another contri preciselying factor to this could be the fact that Down children are also more prone to thyroid dysfunctions. This could also affect their central nervous system so it needs to be monitored closely. virtually other problems that may occur but are not as likely are leukemia, seizure disorders, skin disorders, sleep apnea, and early onset of Alzheimer disease. I work very closely with an adult with Down syndrome. I personally see many of these things affect her everyday. Medication can help most of the disorders, but even so, it bets like your life is then controlled by the times that you have to take medication.On the oth er end of the spectrum, I have found people with Down syndrome to be very loving, and ask nothing more of you than your friendship. To me, this quality makes them very special people. There are some physical characteristics that would help a doctor to identify a child affected by Down syndrome. I think the most prevalent is that of a flat face. It appears that they do not have the same curvature on their face as we do. It seems to be flattened. Next, would be that the back of their head is also flattened. It goes straight down rather than having a curve to it.They also have smaller ears, decreased muscle tone, smaller mouth, a gap between their first two toes, and skin folds in the corner of their eyes. None of these physical features causes any disability or decreases their function. In personal experience I have found that people with Down syndrome also have an enlarged tongue. Because of this they let their tongue hang out of their mouth a lot. Like most things if you start earl y it can be corrected. In one instance that I have seen, as soon as the child started sticking out her tongue the mother would gently put it back in her mouth.She continued to do this until the child no longer let her tongue hang out of her mouth. If you start to work with Down syndrome children when they are young they seem to go further in life. Children with Down syndrome need just as much attention as other children, and enjoy the same things as other children. Children with Down syndrome must be taught individually though according to what their strengths and weaknesses are. They use certain meetings in order to set their new goals and to see what the child has achieved.The first one is known as the person Education Plan (IEP). This will decide what type of education the child will get and how it will be taught. Next is the Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP). The family plays a large role in the childs development and these meetings show the parents how they can be more inv olved and help in the childs learning. This will continue through their whole life. When they become adults they will have what is known as an Individual Service Plan (ISP). This occurs once a month.The adult with Down syndrome sets their own goals, sees what goals they have met, and decides where they want to go from there. As you can see a person with Down syndrome may entail more of your time and energy, but in my experiences I have found it to be worth the time and energy. They are very loving people that deserve a chance in life just like everyone else. Just remember they have to work twice as hard to get half as far in life as you do. So maybe there is something we can learn from them like how to pry the little things, while still doing our best in life.

Brecht’s The Good Person of Szechwan is an apt representation of the theory of epic theater

Brechts Epic Theatre is a theatre of destruct illusions and a wide awake audience which took birth from the theory of Korschian Marxism which saw ideology as a material force that served as an important calamus of dominance. It is a theatre of instruction and thereof is as well termed Didactic theatre and because of the binary opposition present in its themes it is also known as dialectic Theatre.The biggest aim of Brechtian make ups is to alienate the audience to bring about an under footing which can affect change, Brecht terms this phenomenon as the Verfremdungs Effekt (Alienation Effect or the A-effect), which comes from the Chinese play tradition. The audience is never one with the actor, they are always aware that the play is not real and that whatever is being presented on stage is not reality nevertheless a depiction of a certain reality.The A-Effect is also known as the technique of defamiliarization wherein the familiar is made strange through alienation tropes such (prenominal) as addressing the audience directly, changing clothes in front of the audience, use of songs etc, which ensures that the audience is at all times rational, intellectual, and act as scientific observers so that they are able to question the industrial world and its authoritarian structures. As Walter Benjamin while summarizing Brechts theatre said for its public the stage is no longer the planks which signify the world (in other words, a magic circle), but a convenient public exhibition area.For its stage, the public is no longer a collection of hypnotized test subjects, but an assembly of interested persons whose demands it must satisfy. For its school text, the performance is no longer a virtuoso interpretation, but its rigorous control. For its performance, the text is no longer a basis of that performance, but a grid on which, in the form of new formulations, the gains of that performance are marked1 and so Bertolt Brechts theory of Epic Theatre transforms into its praxis in his play The Good Person of Szechwan.The Good Person of Szechwan is a purely red play that deals with the social conditions of its milieu and how the people who are put in those situations react to it and towards one another. The major theme being that of survival in a world that is ruled not by trade good of character but by the evil and corruption of the nightspot. The juxtaposition of poverty with plentitude is a leit paper in the play. Wangs The Water Sellers Song In The Rain brigns forth this juxtaposition beautifully when he laments, I sell body of water. Who pass on taste it? -Who would want to in this weather? All my labour has been wastedFetching these few pints together. I stand shouting by my Water And naught thinks it Worth stopping and buying Or greedily drinks it. 2 Since its rainy season and there is plenty of water no one bothers buying the water from Wang and this plentitude becomes poverty for Wang. We start to pity Wangs character when we body fo rth that he is a proletariat and is burdened by poverty, but Brecht alienates us from Wangs character by showing us his cheating and swindling side so that we rationalize his character and see him as the representative of the proletariat ideology of swindling and cheating. there is no Bourgeois enemy present in the play. The problem is within the proletariat and not amongst the proletariat and bourgeois. The problems that Shen Teh or the other characters face are payable to their social conditions. The province of Szechwan can be seen as a microcosm of what is happening all over the world. Throughout the play there is constant reference to hunger. famish is seen as annihilating honor. Shen Tehs hesitancy to take the Gods in is because she has an empty offer. She says Im afraid that a rumbling stomach is no respecter of persons. 3 The motif of hunger and poverty can also be seen in Brechts other play The Life of Galileo. The play starts with Galileo saw Put the milk on table4 an d Andrea replying Mother says we must pay the milkman, if we dont hell be describing a circle roach us, Signor Galilei5 and later on when Galileo says and I like to eat decently. Its when Im eating I get most inspiration. A rotten age. They havent paid me as much as the man who drives their wine-carts. 6 We are always reminded of the juxtaposition of plentitude with poverty.The play is dialectic in its split between Shen Tehs self fulfillment and Shui Tas self preservation. It is the inevitable collide between desire and fact and as the paradox of ends and means. These are two sides of the same coin. Shen Tehs wish to be generous must employ Shui Tas profiteering meanness, or else she would be take of her charitable self. 7 Prosperity is associated with lack of goodness and social conditions twist the natural goodness of human beings into opposites8 and hence if Shen Teh wants to prosper then she demand to give into Shui Tas calculating nature.In The Good Person of Szechwan we have constant interruptions that are brought about by the musical interludes and all these songs manoeuver to alienate the audience from the play and to make them question the situation being presented in front of them. They are made to question the worth of Shen Tehs goodness as it leaves her not ennobled but economically emaciated. Walter Benjamin says that, the interrupting of action is one of the principle c at oncerns of epic theatre. Therein lies the formal achievements of Brechts songs with their crude, heart rendering refrains. 9 and hence The Water Sellers Song In The Rain comes just after the love scene between Shen Teh and Yang Sun, disrupting the audience from getting tough in the play and again bringing their attention to the dialectics between poverty and plentitude. Brecht says that in the epic theatre moral arguments only took second place. Its aim was slight to moralize than to observe. 10 So we see that Shen Tehs goodness is constantly thwarted by the social cir cumstances and harsh necessities of survival in a competitive world but no moralizing comments are made.The play begins on a note of despair and ends with one. For Shen Teh to survive it is necessary that Shui Ta also survives. The Gods in the play are ignorant, humanized and a satire on the hegemony in Christianity, questioning the absolutism of Christianity in the early twentieth Century. instead of one god head we are presented with three Gods and none of them can do anything to lift Shen Teh out of the drudgery that she is a part of even though she is good.In the trial scene the gods are seen as nothing but impostors, their omniscience and all powerful stature is questioned. The idea of evaluator is questioned, deconstructed and done away with. neither is virtue rewarded nor vice punished, instead vice is seen as a means to an end. Shui Ta is not punished for any of the crimes and Shen Teh is not rewarded for her goodness. Brecht here blends divine justice with legal justice b y making the Gods don on the attire of the magistrate to mock at divine justice. It is a Marxist onslaught on the institutionalization of religion.In his other play The Caucasian Chalk Circle we have the character of Azdak whose method of delineating legal justice is more serious in purpose and flavour as compared to the three Gods here who appear as mere fools. One is forced to question if justice is being delayed or if there is no concept of justice in an industrial world. The open ended-ness of the trial scene erodes the moralistic nature and it prises upon the mind of the audience and affects change. Brecht in all his plays comments on Jetztzeit, a term that Walter Benjamin coined for the presence of now in Brechtian plays.According to Walter Benjamin, history for Brecht was an ever present arena, never as with Lukacs a thing of past and hence we see that Mother Courage and her Children, The Good Person of Szechwan or The Life of Galileo all have topical references in the World War I and II, the disappointment of the Russian Revolution/Communism/Dictatorship and questioning of the viability and feasibility of science in a post Hiroshima-Nagasaki world, respectively. Also epic theatre is literarized. The literarization of theatre by means of verbal formulas, posters, c adroitions, is intended to, and will, make what is shown on the stage unsensational. 11 The performance is not aimed to draw the audience into the play but to make them stand at the periphery so that they question the bourgeoisie ideology and break free from it, so that the proletariat is emancipated and socialism can be constructed. Brecht believes that society can be changed through intellectual action and that is the reason that his plays are so highly dialectical. We see the dialectics between Good and God when Shen Teh as Shui Ta sings the Song of the Defencelessness of the Good and The Gods The good Cannot remain good for long in our country Where cupboards are bare, housewives start to squabble.Oh, the divine commandments Are not much use against hunger. So why cant the gods share out what theyve created Come down and distribute the bounties of nature And allow us, once hunger and thirst has been sated To mix with each other in friendship and pleasure? 12 Gods here are seen as privileging the aristocrats and Christianity is seen as a perpetrator of class difference. The motif of hunger is again visible in the song. Hunger can not be satiated by following the commandments, one want to have money to buy food and that money comes not from praying but by being economically independent and well of.When the audience hears the song they realize the futility of religion in an economic world. It brings to the forefront the debate between spirituality and materialism. It makes the spectators question both the value of a bourgeoisie society and that of religion. Being but a Marxist play every theme is given a Marxist interpretation, even the idea of love and marriage. Sh en Teh has to choose between Yang Sun and Mr. Shu Fu. It is as Shui Ta that she favors Mr. Shu Fu for he can provide her with a future but as Shen Teh her emotions sway her towards Yang Sun.In a direct address to the audience Shen Teh sings I would go with the man whom I love. I would not reckon what it costs me. I would not consider what is wiser. I would not know whether he loves me. I would go with the man that I love. 13 As Shui Ta she knows the worthlessness of her charming but rascally lover Sun. But with her emotional feminine self, as Shen Teh, she cannot give up the physical passion and tenderness that bind her to him. In Shen Tehs love the drive for self-fulfillment and the need for self preservation clash in hopeless combat that can never be decided. 14 Brecht in The Good Person of Szechwan presents us with a Marxist theme, a dialectical debate between poverty and plentitude, goodness and god, religion and materialism etc, all of which is made apparent to the audience by the alienation effect brought about by the musical interludes that are present through out the course of the play, Shen Tehs changing clothes in front of the audience, direct address to the audience in an attempt to make sure that the play raises questions in the minds of the audience and breaks their identification with the bourgeoisie ideology.In totality Brechts play The Good Person of Szechwan is an apt representation of his epic or intellectual theatre that is built on the concept of critical theory translating into intellectual action on stage wherein Brecht seeks to sort out historically specific features of a milieu in order to show how that milieu influenced, shaped and often battered and destroyed the individual. Instead of focusing on the universal elements of human situations and fate, Brecht on the other hand is interested in depicting the attitude that people adopted towards each other in a specific historical situation or context.

Struggles in Implementing Agrarian Reform in the Philippines “Agrarian Reform: A Struggle for Social Justice”

ABSTRACTThe paper entitled agricultural Reform A Struggle for Social arbitrator aims to give the current status of agrarian reform in the Philippines. It also aims to provide the struggle of Filipinos for social justice in the implementation of the Comprehensive rural Reform schedule (CARP). This paper aims to explain why land reform is slow here in our country. This will also try to shed airy on what agrarian reform is and will give the clear and precise Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. Furthermore, this paper will also tackle the issues involving the achromasia of social justice in the agrarian reform. A part of this paper is also given for the land conversions and other shipway to circumvent CARP.Outline I. Introduction & Objectives A. item objectives II. Background Information A. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) in the Philippines 1. History 2. comment 3. Purpose B. Social Justice in the Philippines 1. History 2. Definition 3. Purpose III. Analysis & Discus sion A. Issues on the agrarian reform implementation in the Philippines B. Reasons for the slow implementation of agrarian reform C. Land Conversions and other ways to circumvent CARP IV. ConclusionV. References Cornista, L. B. (1987). The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program An Analysis of its Policies and Processes. Laguna University of the Philippines. Lopez, A. P. (2003). Batas The Uncompleted Historic Mandate, Quezon City DAR. Sebucao, J. T. (1995). The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) as critically viewed by the DAR officials and beneficiaries its economic and educational contribution.Annotated Bibliography 1. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program an analysis of its policies and processes This restrain provides information about the policies and processes of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. 2. Batas The Uncompleted Historic MandateThis book is about Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program in the Philippines and provides information on the history of land reforms in our country. This also provides information on the government policies regarding land reform in our country. 3. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) as critically viewed by the DAR officials and beneficiaries This book provides the analysis of DAR officials and beneficiaries on what the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) is.

Hot and Cold Essay

Since season immemorial, Indians have been bombarded with snacks-to-go by driveway vendors fastfood is neither a modern phenomenon, nor a western innovation. But as increasing numbers of international players enter the domestic help market, there are bitter lessons to learn about what local consumers will and will not welcome. just-food.coms Debasish Ganguly reports from India on the evolving sector and the challenges facing new entrants into the fastfood market.Fastfood is not an alien concept to Indians roadside shops have offered snacks-to-go since time immemorial and the country has a dogged tradition of indigenous fastfood served by a variety of street vendors. Whether the southern Dosas or the Phulkas in the north, the Vada, Samosas or Bhelpuri, this inexpensive cuisine is still going strong, and street marketing is a low-cost method of food distribution.However, since the arrival of established fastfood chains such as McDonalds, marketing savvy and dollar power have give n fastfood a very western orientation. The weekend stampedes orthogonal any McDonalds restaurant are standing testimony to this fact.But the burger behemoths still have a long way to go. Local fastfood is not easily undermined by these interlopers, since methods of mass production have not been meliorate and, in any case, they would have to compete with low cost artisan production. On the other hand, the domain is that established local fastfood chains, like Nirulas, Wimpys or Haldiram, are sensing competition by the growing popularity of McDonalds and other international chains. Though Nirulas does not admit to any drop in sales overtly, patience sources reveal that they have lost 18% of their original market share.So far, the fastfood chains have gained their popularity among the study metropolitan cities of India and some smaller cities, such as Pune or Baroda. Before the arrival of these fastfood chains, Nirulas was the market leaderin Delhi. In fact, Nirulas taught Delhi-d wellers what pizzas and burgers were all about. Nirulas was commanding a monopoly until western chains arrived in India.

Cause and Effect of Bullying Essay

Why argon students bulled? Why are they bulled? What makes other fate to bully others? If bullies throw victimized you you would understand how it feels to be bulled. You wonder why this is happening to you. We all know that blustery is wrong. livery someone down has no beneficial purpose. The person creation victimized is going through the hardest meter of their life but to the bully it makes them feel good and take that moment to do permanent ill-use to the victim. There are m some(prenominal) causes and effects to bulling and they both lease to each other. There is always a reason why a person is being bullying or why he or she is bulling.One of the effects of bulling is it could bring down the victims self-confidence. It can cause depression, suicidal thoughts, suicidal attempts, abnormal fears, and worries. The victims would comport fear of speaking publicly or joining any sports or groups. It could create sleep disorders, awkward habits, poor appetite, digestive probl ems, school problems, and rage. The victim can have nervous brake down and oftentimes crying. The effect of bulling can lead the victim to wonder if they are doing anything wrong, think twice about the actions being taken. Never show them selves or try to make friends. These are some effects of bulling but, why causes bulling?The causes of bullying would be neglect from parents and parents uninvolved with their children. The bullies want to get noticed because they dont have any attention at home. The bullies like having power over their peers. They think its cool and funny bullies have an rough personality and lack of adult supervision. They are usually jealousy of other who have it better and ride the victims to bring up their self-confidence. They also take revenge on their victims. They want to take their feelings out on others. They believe that by bulling they get power. They believe that just because they have power they can get onward with things. They might also bully b ecause they have low self-confidence issues. These are some causes of bullying.The causes of bullying could lead up to the effects of bullying. Bullies bully because they are neglected and take out their anger on their peers. They want to bring others down so they could bring them selves up. They have lack of supervisions form parents, teachers, and school staff. There are many reasons why people bully but they bully mostly because they want to be noticed.

Nursing: Years Ago and Today

The history of nurse, a segment of the blood slight collar ser delinquency sector, reflects the general trends in the trans miscellaneaation of influence that gave rise to the new, dependent, salaried, white collar work pluck, in conflict everywhere the construct of professionalism. Although previously independent practitioners, by the end of World War II, a decisive mass of nurses were forced to find employment in the newly emerging bureaucratic hospitals as their opportunities for autonomous nurse- diligent relationships little (Melosh 32).In the nations hospitals, nurses were subject to processes of bureaucratic control very much like those described by Edwards for two(prenominal) production and nonproduction workers (Edwards 17). Invisible mechanisms of control, including the human capital nonion of professionalism and the use of written rules to govern nurses tasks and supervision, were invoked to discipline this white collar workforce. Historically, nurses responses t o these constraints have been fil lead with conflict.In the 18th century, care for was merely another of womens internal chores. By the early 19th century, however, nursing had emerged as an occupation performed by levelheaded work- socio-economic class women, in the beginning widows and spinsters. It was a specialty within domestic service, consisting primarily of cleaning a patients bole, linen, and dressings. This kind of labor was considered by most 19th-century men and women as an extension of womans natural biological capacity for domesticity, docility, nurturance, and willingness to sacrifice (Berg 21).A attractive line separated the 19th-century nurse from the domestic consideration, as both were expected to perform household chores. By 1868, however, they were more clearly differentiated by salary the nurse earned $1.00 to $2.00 a day whereas the servant earned however $2.22 per week (Reverby 9). Because of the close association with dirty domestic work, few lowe r- bourgeoisie women entered nursing. Until the urbane War, nursing remained an occupation performed by poor, older, single women with no formal education or training. These women were often force from rural areas into the cities in search of paid work, where their options were generally sewing, lodging borders, domestic service, or nursing. By 1870, in that respect were over 10,000 women officially employed as nurses in the United States.Until the 20th century, hospital nursing was less prevalent than household nursing since most births, deaths, and illnesses occurred in the home. The majority of Americans did not see the inside of a hospital until the turn of the century. Hospitals were barely hospitals as we now know them. They were charitable institutions built by philanthropists at the end of the 18th century for the poor, the lovingly marginal, or the unemployed. Indeed, many hospitals evolved out of public almshouses.Patients in both public and voluntary hospitals were in carcerated for dependence as much as for disease in the 1870s (Vogel 105), and their hospital suffer was often for weeks or months, not days. Impermeable walls and guarded gates surrounded the institutions, enabling hospitals to assert almost control over the working class, immigrant, or destitute patient.Although benevolent, hospitals treated their patients disdainfully, with authoritarianism and paternalism. Their purpose was to provide the patient with moral uplift while instilling social control. Hospital administrators believed their patients were from the very lowest from abodes of drunkenness and vice in almost every form, where the most depressing and corrupting influences were acting on both body and mind (Vogel 24).Children were decontaminated upon arrival and taught discipline, purity and kindness. The trustees hoped this regimen would reform the children, who would then bring newly refined manners, quickened rationality and softened hearts back to their homes. Some h ospitals attempted to reform adults as well because they believed society benefited not just by saving these workers but also by rekindling in them their faith in social order (Vogel 26).Nurses in these hospitals were generally ambulatory patients themselves, caring for fellow inmates. If not actual patients, hospital nurses originated from the similar poor and working-class sectors of society as the patients. They often held several jobs simultaneously and were frequently reprimanded for sewing-out (manufacturing garments on the ward) while on duty (Reverby 24).The status of the 19th-century hospital nurse was very low, comparable to the status of all womanly patients at this time. The female patient of 1870 was characterized in a letter to the Boston Evening Transcript as a woman who has fallen into the sins of the wayside likewise weak to resist the temptations which have beset their unguarded footsteps (Vogel 26). Similarly, the hospital nurse was characterized by Florence Ni ghtingale, the 19th-century British reformer, as too old, too weak, too drunk, too dirty, too stolid or too bad to do anything else (Reverby 26). Hence, stringent rules governing general behaviors regarding sex, language, and use of inebriant and tobacco were enforced for both patients and nurses in the hospital.Although nurses lived in close proximity to the patients, they were forbidden to socialize with them. In order to prevent them from socializing or drinking with the patients, nurses were kept busy from 500 a.m. until 930 p.m. They were continually scrubbing patients, garments, and wards, since sanitation was the plainly method of disease prevention in the 19th-century hospital. When they had completed these tasks, they were condition innumerable others to keep them in line.In addition to such domestic tasks, nurses were often responsible for providing more serious wellness care in the doctors frequent absence as well. They often managed labor and lurch cases independentl y. This forced nurses to exercise independent medical judgments, despite doctors prevailing expectation that nurses would be completely submissive to them. With the taste of autonomy, nurses began to expect greater latitude in their work. They began to see themselves as adult wage workers, not children to be controlled by the hospital family, as the hospital trustees portrayed the workplace.The face of nursing changed during the gracious War. Middle- and upper-class women, motivated by patriotism, familial duty, or simply a search for meaningful work, began to work in hospitals, nursing wounded men, and raising funds for the war (Mottus 65).The unsanitary and disorganized conditions in army hospitals led to the emergence of relief associations. In 1861 the Womens Central Association of Relief was formed with the explicit purpose of furnishing comfort and medical stores, and especially nurses in aid of the medical staff of the army and to take measures for securing a system of w ell trained nurses against any possible demand of war (Mottus 24). Drawing on Nightingales British baby-sit of army nursing, the Registration Committee on Nurses sought prospective applicants with specific qualifications they were to wear dresses without hoops, provide references cocksure their risque moral character, and be no older than 45 years of age. Nurses trained according to Nightingales nursing model, learning the laws of both morality and hygiene.The post-Civil War years, characterized by remarkable economic growth, the rise of industrial corporations, the descent of small entrepreneurs, and the emergence of urban America, engendered the expansion of relief organizations and the development of new benevolence organizations. Both were controlled in large part by middle- and upper-class female reformers.These women, many of whom had participated in organized nursing during the Civil War, focused on reforming the moral character of the poor, soiled by the ravages of urba n society (Lubove 4-5). The expansion of the charity organization movement represented another response by a troubled middle class to the social dislocation of the post-Civil War industrial city Charity organization was a crusade to salve the city from itself and from the evils of pauperism and class antagonism. It was an instrument of social control for the conservative middle class (Lubove 5).In the post-Civil War hospital, middle-class women joined forces with hospital trustees and developed training schools for nurses. The reformers purpose was to save the country young lady from the city, foster a profession of nursing, and reform the hospital. They attempted to carry out this goal by develop a cadre of trained, professional, middle-class nurses. The hospital trustees, however, sought nurses as a cheap labor force for the hospital.During the depression years of the 1890s, the hospital moved away from being a charity organization (Rosner 119). Philanthropists, bear upon by f inancial crises themselves, were no longer able to be the sole supporters of the institutions. Hospital trustees turned to the middle-class patient as a new source of income for hospitals. This change motivated trustees to alter the hospitals architecture as well as its workforce. Its image became more hotel-like, with private rooms, private doctors, and private nurses.The reformers convinced the trustees that young, educated nurses of middle-class origins would be more appropriate caretakers for wealthier patients than untrained, working-class nurses. Hence, while the middle-class reformers were attempting to create a profession for respectable middle-class women, embodying Victorian Americas idealized vision of upper-class womanhood (empathy, gentility, and dedication to service), the trustees were still seeking an cheap yet disciplined workforce. The middle-class student nurse was their answer.One of the first training schools for nurses emerged in 1889 at the Johns Hopkins Hosp ital as a joint effort between the women reformers and the hospital trustees. They sought applications from Episcopalian and Presbyterian daughters of the clergy and the professions (James 214). The reformers hoped such a school would become the new social incubator for daughters of the new middle class. They sought only educated and refined students women who had previously worked in the mills or domestic service were discouraged from applying. The reformers argued that only women with proper, virtuous backgrounds could enhance the moral atmosphere of the hospital.Student nurse training meant working 13-hour days at domestic duties under strict military discipline. Understaffing and medical emergency continually forced students into positions for which they were unprepared. These poor work conditions of overwork, lack of adequate training, bad food, and arbitrary discipline took their toll on the students, resulting in the 1910s in strikes against nursing supervisors (Reverby 37).D uring the 1930s and into the 1940s the private duty market collapsed altogether (Melosh 197). The new array of hospital techniques for both patients and nurses fostered a new role for some nurses, however that of hospital foreman, supervising a new pecking order of subsidiary nurses. The nursing professionalizers urged hospital administrators to hire educated graduate nurses of middle-class origins for these positions. Administrators were not hard to bear on this point since they were able to hire nurses with more education and experience for the same wage as the student nurse, given depression-era unemployment.At first, grateful for work, graduate nurses accepted this condition. In time, however, graduate nurses responded to this situation with unrest, high rates of absenteeism, and turnover. Conflicts between adherents of the more elitist, human capital interpretation of professionalism and proponents of the need to work continue to happen upon from staff and head nurses today . Many staff nurses claim that besides taking care of patients, theyre working to put shoes on their childrens feet and nursing administrators just dont see that they work to support their life-time outside the hospital too. Such a comment was just as appropriate in the eighties as it was in 1985. The same debates still rage on.Besides, there are two current health care issues facing the profession of nursing today a misdistribution of nurses across the United States and burnout, both famous as causes for a nursing shortage. There is a misdistribution of nurses across the United States and there are at least two apparent reasons for this geographic immobility and a lack of incentives for rural and inner-city hospitals. Nursing is a very demanding and stressful profession.Burnout is described by Annette T. Vallano in Your race in Nursing, as a form of mental, physical, emotional, spiritual, and interpersonal exhaustion that is not easily restored by sleep or rest. Nurses experienc e burnout when they are overwhelmed and unable to cope with the day-to-day stress of their work over long periods of time. Burnout may also be a reason that many nurses have decided to work only part-time, thus burnout may be a contributing factor to the nursing-shortage problem.All in all, nursing has evolved from the days of Florence Nightingale to a highly esteem and educated profession. But there are challenges for the future. In short, the nursing profession needs to begin to deal new trends and patterns (Lowenstein1), while also recognizing it is crucial that nurses learn to generate new ideas for care, utilizing the new medical and parley technologies that are blossoming daily, but also keeping our high touch together with the high tech (Lowenstein 1).Works citedEdwards, Richard. Contested Terrain The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century. radical York Basic Books. 1979.Berg, Barbara. The Remembered Gate Origins of American Feminism The Woman and the C ity, 1800-1860. New York Oxford University Press. 1978.James, Janet. Isabel Hampton and the Professionalization of Nursing in the 1890s. In Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel (eds.), The Therapeutic Revolution. Philadelphia University of pappa Press. 1979.Lowenstein, Arlene. Vision for the future of nursing. ICUS NURS WEB J, 16, Oct/ Dec 2003 http//www.nursing.gr/editorialLowenstein.pdf.Lubove, Roy. The Professional Altruist The result of Social Work as a Career, 1880-1930. Cambridge Harvard University Press. 1965.Melosh Barbara. The Physicians Hand Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing. Philadelphia Temple University Press. 1982.Mottus, Jane E. New York Nightingales The Emergence of the Nursing Profession at Bellevue and New York Hospital, 1850-1920. Ann Arbor University Microfilms International. 1980.Reverby, Susan. Ordered to Care The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945. New York Cambridge University Press. 1987.Rosner, David. A Once Charitable Enterprise Hospitals a nd Health Care in Brooklyn and New York, 1885-1915. New York Cambridge University Press. 1986.Vallano, Annette. Your Career in Nursing. Kaplan 3rd edition. January 3, 2006.Vogel, Morris. The Invention of the Modern Hospital, Boston, 1870-1930. Chicago University of Chicago Press. 1980.