Health Care and Intellectual Property Laws Essay

Health Care and Intellectual Property Laws - Essay ExampleIn a knowledge economy where knowledge is considered private property and is thus deserving of full protection chthonic the law, Intellectual Property laws play a fundamental role in ensuring stability and predictability. However, it has been suggested that these laws undermine reality health by tending to put the cost of essential medicines far beyond the reach of those who urgently need it most.Intellectual property ownership is a relatively new concept of ownership with astonishing social implications. For large pharmaceutical companies investing one million million millions of dollars to continually develop new medicines against diseases, it provides the necessary incentives in the path of patents to provide wider latitude in the development, promotion, and distribution of new drugs to recoup their investments and earn significant revenues for years of question and hard work. It also serves as an incentive for pharmac eutical companies to develop new products for the prevention or interference of common as well as dreaded diseases.But for low-income countries struggling to provide basic health care services and affordable drugs to their citizens, intellectual property is an onerous imposition that threatens to wreck lives in the wake of grampus diseases. The law on intellectual property rights allows pharmaceutical companies unrestricted rights to manufacture and distribute medicines at prices they command. juvenile free trade agreements vex extended extremely generous patent rights to multinational pharmaceutical companies, and have limited access to generic equivalent drugs.AnalysisThe first level of analysis is to ask whether or not it is actually necessary to prioritize patients rights, and if the current system has indeed been inadequate in clutch the problem. Without access to the drugs in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus, for example, to combat the spread of the dreaded d isease, people from many countries in Africa experiencing an HIV/AIDS pandemic will die in record number. AIDS has killed more than 25 one million million people since it was first recognized on December 1, 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. According to current estimates, HIV is set to infect 90 million people in Africa, providing an enormous market for an anti-HIV medicine.There is currently no vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS. The only known method of prevention is avoiding exposure to the virus. However, an antiretroviral treatment, known as post-exposure prophylaxis is believed to reduce the risk of transmission system if begun directly after exposure. Current treatment for HIV infection consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART, an big-ticket(prenominal) procedure that many poor countries in Africa are forced to take.The second level of analysis is whether or not pharmaceutical drug companies can afford to take the pay cuts. It has been argued many times everywhere that these drug companies need the money to innovate and to develop new techniques and new formulations. The evidence, however, militates against this. According to a melodic theme written by Oxfam InternationalIn 2000, for example, the ten biggest companies in the US spent more than double as much on marketing and administration (34%) than on R&D (14%). Pfizer spent $22.2 billion on dividends and share buybacks in 2003 and the first half of 2004, over twice the amount spent on research. Merck returned $7.3 billion,

Ethics and Accountability In Forensic Mental Health Essay

Ethics and Accountability In Forensic cordial Health - Essay ExampleHe was violent with a nurse when she tried to cede him an injection. He does not want to sleep for fear that he will be harmed. Wayne also abuses drugs (primarily marijuana) which seems to increase his paranoia.No treatment should be provided against the patients will, unless withholding treatment would endanger the life of the patient and/or of those who surrounded him or her. Treatment must always be in the best interest of the patient (As cited in Steinert et al., 2005, p. 635).In Waynes case, withholding treatment both for medicine and mental health has exacerbated his paranoia and his behaviour. In this case, it is ethically correct to give him the medication against his will in order to stop him from causing harm to himself or others. To put Wayne into the hospital, the natural law or the hospital would have had to use informed consent with him. In other words, they would need to be aware of Waynes privacy and they would have had to follow the principles of beneficence and malfeasance (do no harm) (American Mental Health Counsellors Association (AMHCA) enrol of Ethics). Also, they must tell Wayne what is going to happen to him, how they will use any information received and the example of treatment he can expect. Since Wayne is an adult and he does not want his family to be contacted, under the law and under ethics they cannot tell his family. This may go against what the health practitioners think but it would be all important(predicate) to honour his wishes.Wayne appears delusional. According to his account, he has magic spells being put on him by witches. He states that the practice of law took him to the hospital. He sees himself as a victim of this situation, and sees all those around him as his enemies. According to his account, his actions are cod to his anticipation of how others are going to treat him or are currently treating him.Howe (2008) states that clinicians must tell patients the impartiality about their conditions no matter what

Critique globalization (the super story) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critique globalization (the super story) - Essay ExampleDue to the emergence of digital screenings and the internet in globalization, I also expected that he would touch on the topic of the application of the internet in moving globalization towards the right direction and route. It was therefore not surprising to consider that he touched on the beas of supermarkets and the creation of the global financial centers. In explaining the manner in which nations are interconnected especially after the cold war, Friedman captured the role of the United States as the superpower that has remained. He up to now failed to provide a description of the post-cold war era especially the knowledge on how it affected the sparing powers of the people and how it influenced growth.In Friedman, the process through markets integrates and develops uniform transportation and communication systems for doing business across the universe is globalization, a process that has never been seen in history. Th rough this process, corporations spread across the world have been enabled to run into the products from one point to the other with haste, efficiency and precision than was witnessed before. Through this definition, the author has clearly captured the business systems that make up today especially capturing the post and pre-cold war eras that witnessed world integration and formation of economic powerhouses. Though look simple, the definition has captured the fact that markets across the world have been interconnected and brought together through web connectivity, a process that can allow companies as separate and far apart as North the States to do business with Asia (Friedman 474).Before the eyes of Friedman, globalization is a force multiplier that gives nations, global markets and individuals at different levels of incorporation are empowered to communicate and us the available resources. According to Friedman, globalization is tool around that leads to the distribution

Large project success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Large project success - screen ExampleThe advantages of luck management are vital to a projects success. Addressing the risks in the right manner decreases the problems inwardly the project (Susser, 2012).The next dance step to deal with the risks is to assign ownership. Assigning of ownership refers to identifying the right person to be responsible for a certain risk in case it occurs. The identified person is accountable to every decrease the threat or capitalize on the opportunity. The people responsible should identify the possible causes of their assign risk. The other step is to estimate the risks. Upon identifying the risks, it is the responsibility of the IT project managers to assess the likelihood of the threat. Among the approach to estimate the risk is to make an effective probability and multiply it with the amount it will cost to resolve. This provides an impact value link to the risk. Another step to take is to analyze the risk. Analyzing the risk includes getting answers to what the risk is about, its effects, and causes. After analyzing, the other step is to manage the risk. This includes planning and immediately implementing a response to the risk. These plans include transferring the risk, avoiding the source of the risk, minimizing the risk, and accepting it. Once these step are followed, it is evident that the IT projects risks will be dealt with effectively (Kendrick,

Week 2 Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 Discussion - Essay ExampleThe following discussion aims to draw the factors that act as reason behind the difference in the everlasting(a) deathrate rate of these countries. at that place are certain important factors that determine the difference between the crude mortality rates in different countries. These factors include the average age and structure of the race, the quality and standard of health care facilities, diet, nutrition and the aim and prevalence of infectious diseases (Farmer, 2003). In case of Haiti and US, there is an obvious difference in the economic developing level of both the countries and due to low economic position, the population of Haiti has little access of quality health care and safe drinking water. The prevalence rate of HIV AIDS and other infectious diseases is also very(prenominal) high in Haiti as compared with that of US (Robert and Nancy, 1996). The serious situation of healthcare in Haiti caught the attention of solid ground commun ity and there are some important initiatives taken by the international health organizations in collaboration with the government of Haiti that are intended to improve the healthcare situation through the training of healthcare professionals and creating awareness among people (Deibert, 2005).The improvement in the level of the healthcare has the tendency to affect the crude mortality rate of a country. The interventions of United Nations brought significant level of changes in the healthcare situation of Haiti. Though the sad and densely populated country Haiti still needs lot of work in the field of healthcare (Deibert, 2005) but it is observed that the improvements in the healthcare facilities and awareness in people reduced the number of deaths and the crude mortality rate in Haiti became as low as 6 deaths per 1000 in 2000. On the other hand, in United States there is change observed in the age structure of the population that is also among the important factors determining th e crude death rate. The rate of the younger population is

Bullying in Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ballyrag in Nursing - Research Paper ExampleBullying in nursing manifests in diametrical ways including false accusations aimed tainting someones reputation and competency, personal attacks, allocation of roles beyond ones skills and lack of assistance from the major(postnominal)s, and lastly intimidation among other ways. The bullying behavior translates into psychological and physiological set up on the victims, poor bedside patient outcomes as well as compromise in the organizational potence and efficiency. The menace can be controlled finished cognitive rehearsal training programs, implementation of code of conduct, induction of awareness and zero tolerance on bullying in all health care organizations. Keywords (Bullying, interpersonal relationships, intimidation, reputation, competency, code of conduct, cognitive rehearsal) Review of the Literature of a Researchable Problem Workplace bullying has emerged as international issue in healthcare organization, particularly af fecting the nursing practitioners. Owing to the seriousness of this problem and its do on the per varietyance of nurses, several studies have been conducted with the aim of understanding and establishing strategies to avert or control its occurrence. notwithstanding the existence of aggression and harassment behaviors in almost health care organization, bullying is viewed as form of repeated behaviors resulting in creation of a hostile working environment (Hutchinson, Wilkes, Vickers & Jackson, 2008). Researchers have proposed numerous strategies of dealings with bullying in nursing including training programs, establishment of stringent measure to protect nurses, and counseling programs. This account entails review of literature from different scholarly articles on bullying in nursing. Simons, S. (2010). Bullying in the workplace-a soft meditate of new licensed registered nurses. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 58 (7), 305-311. This article entails a quali tative study of bullying among nurses to establish the different ways in which bullying manifests in the field of honor of nursing. Simons (2010) examined the individual experiences of nurses as well as incidences of bullying witnessed during their practice. The study applied a descriptive qualitative research design to examine bullying behavior among newly licensed nurse. A survey study was conducted in the State of Massachusetts targeting nurses registered between 2001 and 2003 and or so 511 responses were obtained through the email survey (Simons, 2010). The results of study revealed that about 139 nurses had been bullied and 14 others witnessed bullying incidences. Several themes describing the bullying behavior were identified including feeling out of the group, structural bullying, senior or old nurses exploiting newly registered nurses and the feeling of quitting the occupation (Simons, 2010). The phrase nurses eat their young was particularly use to describe the hostility subjected to new nurses by their seniors. Senior nurses propagated bullying in the working area through subjecting the newly registered nurses to ridicule, lack of information sharing and lack of assistance from the experienced nurses. Bullying in nursing accounted for a significant percentage of the employee turnover in the nursing field. Some of the respondents reported having left their jobs referable to unbearable bullying in their working environments. Most of the bullying beha

Policies of Sustainable Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policies of Sustainable Development - Essay ExampleAs the constitution stressesthe Nepals policy principles entail varying aspects that are all aimed at various different aspects. First, the Nepal body of water policy is decentralized with the minor policies contributing to the major policy but not contradicting the major policy. The Nepal wet Resource conservation strategies have the objective of sustainability, and the only way Nepal aims to sustain the existence of their water resources is by allowing participatory leadership in the policies involving water services.This case study has noted Nepal as a estate with sustainable policies regarding the use of water resources. In most cases, policies that cover wider geographic areas have a immense probability of failures. The unify Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) policies, for instance, cover most nations of the world. What the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development does not understand is that even though globalization has brought a great similarity to the way people undertake tasks, people rarely detach themselves from their give birth cultures. The use of water resources is considered as a diverse aspect of many cultures. It is therefore effective to ca-ca policies that are relevant to the target population.The major source of electric power as of today in the United States is water. It is, therefore, inevitable that major policies had to be enacted to protect the huge number of American citizens from running egress of this precious resource.