Psychological and Social Factors

mental and Social FactorsDiscuss the psychological and mixer positionors that go mountain getion of wellnessy or un wellnessy disembodied spiritstyles say from various(a) researches has sh sustain that major ca c in alls of death ar from various(prenominal) conduct. wellness doings with regards to alcoholic beverageic drink outlay, smoking, type of diet and exercise plays an important fiber when project the life span of an individual. Hence demeanour and modus vivendi oblige a significant correlation to good health and longevity (Naidoo Will 2008). various(prenominal) hold up the free will to choose whether or not to adopt a healthy life style. An individual life-style reflects their values and depressions, though it is a combination of habits and conventional ways of doing things (Knok 2006).There ar several factors touch on the choice of healthy or unhealthy lifestyle by an individual. This leaven will focus on alcohol ab exercise which is one of the v arious unhealthy lifestyles that spate adopts. In nine to gain in-depth knowledge of the factors that chance upon and contri besidese to the unhealthy demeanor of alcohol abuse this essay would account contents much(prenominal) as favorable learning supposition, health belief model, contractable theories, cognitive and deportmental theories, kindly economic status, culture, effect of media and slightly manakins from real life.A healthy lifestyle is an element of choice and behaviour that is aimed at pr importing disease and enhancing health and well- being (Ogden 2000). Beliefs and values has been highlighted by Tones and Tilford (2001) Tones and atomic number 19 (2004) as major influence that affects the practice of a healthy lifestyle.The health belief model, health locus of control and the theory of reasoned per machinateance atomic number 18 whatsoever of the theories that fillks to explain individual behaviour that affects their health.It has been suggested th at preventive health behaviour by perceived susceptibility, perceive severity and perceived beliefs and barriers (For example a cousin of mine by name Mr B was control to stop insobriety alcohol.. When my uncle (his father) who has been a heavy drinker of this stuff, suddenly became hard sick and within a short period time he died. He was diagnosed with cirrhosis of colorful. The cause of the death of my uncle has played a bureau in the behaviour change of my cousin (Mr B). He has the perception of the take a chance and seriousness of the illness. This means that he felt susceptible to the illness. However individuals have beliefs related to both their health and illness. This beliefs influence their behaviour which in call on have impact on how healthy they atomic number 18. Hence Leventhal et al 1980, 1997 distinctly defined illness belief as patient own tacit common sense belief about illness.The kind of lifestyle an individual chooses is determined by the beliefs and attitudes. According to Jennie Naidoo and Jane Wills 2008, theory of planned behaviour consisted of attitude, natural norm and perceived behavioural control. If for example an individual believed that cutting tear on drinking would make life more productive (attitude) and believed that mountain that atomic number 18 important in his/her life wanted him/her to stop (subjective norm ) and on evaluation of ingrained and external control factor (behaviour control) this would anticipate him/her a high intention to stop. This conception relates to what happened to mine cousin (Mr B) having evaluated the consequences and influence of the family, he decided to stop.he theories of planned behaviour in psychological science as suggested by Rise et al 2002 relates to belief which strongly affects behaviour and and then make the belief a subjective probability that a specific behaviour will generate an outcome.Individuals that adopt unhealthy behaviour drinking alcohol has been classif ied as either binge or a steady drinking (Carlson 2004).The evidence suggests that binge drinking has a both an surroundingsal and a genetic component. Ciccocioppo and Hyytia 2006, Goldman et al 2005, Kreeket al 2001 was of the perspicacity that some people are born alcoholic. They strongly believed that these people are genetic tendency to alcoholism. Even though a person snow-whitethorn have a genetic tendency to alcoholism, the general influence of surround over genes has to be taken into consideration.Pavlov (1949) in friendly learning theory reflects learning by modelling and associating behaviour. It is pertinent to note that this whitethorn bring classical conditioning (internal and external cues) reinforced positively or negatively conditioning and empirical learning (Walker 2004) Children learn lots of habits from parents, relations and fellows. This may result in them coping in their behaviour through with(predicate) observational learning. For instance sons of st eady drinkers have a seven generation greater risk of being a steady drinker themselves than sons of non-drinkers. Daughters of steady drinkers a lot show somatization disorder, where they complain much about illness even in non-existence of provable illness problems (Carlson 2004).Studies have revealed that alcohol abuse is a form of drug dependence. It has been stated that more than a quarter of adults jump ond 16-24 in England are drinking more than the recommended limits which could harm their health. It was similarly implied that 8.2 million adults train some form of intervention (Drummond et al 2004).It has been highlighted that 27% of men are drinking more than 21 units a week and 17% of women are drinking more than 14units a week in the join res publica (Office of case Statistics General Household Survey 2003).Excessive alcohol use can damage body organs for example cirrhosis of the liver and violent tantrums which some clock lead to suicide. It is also widely ackno wledged that alcohol misuse and abuse has a great impact on health and societal well-being (Miller and Rollnick 2002). The question then arises, why do people engage in such unhealthy behaviour?It has been noted that parents are more important at early stage but individual may therefore be unrealistically optimism if they focus on the times when they drink in moderation when assessing their own risk and ignore the times when they do not. In addition focussing on the times when otherwises around them drink to excess and ignoring the times when they are more sensible. Hence Weinstein (1984) forceful that individuals focus more on overlooking their own risk -increasing behaviour and concentrating mainly upon their risk reducing behaviour. People hold beliefs about their own vulnerability to a given problem and make judgements concerning the extent to which they are at risk. They believed that they were less likely than others to get the health problem (Weinstein 1987 ) In view of t his therefore unrealistic optimism determines unhealthy lifestyles of alcohol users who under count the risks of having oral cancer (Dillard Mccaul Kleen 2006) health psychology relates to health and behaviour and the fact that human being has a complex system and unique in nature made illness as a multitude of interacting factors such as biological, behaviours, beliefs and complaisant interactions. (Engel 1997 1980 ) However locus of control in health psychology determines the extent to which people have control over event that have impact in their lives. Some people suppose that their actions and what happens to them is up to them and consider events as personally controllable. These individual strongly belief that the events of outcomes are their own behaviour and is regarded as internal locus of control. While some people believe that outcomes of events are largely not controlled by them but lies in the hand of fate (Wallston and Wallston 1982, Hudson 2001) From all inaction s people with high internal control are likely to live a healthier life style in contrast to the external locus control since they would be looking for rationale behind the events that leads to the behaviour Sociology health and illness concept which relates to socioeconomic status, paganity, culture and media have important role in find the lifestyle of individual. There are constraints embedded in people lives that may be dormant factor in the decision to practice a healthy lifestyle and these constraints may in fact leave people with little or no choice in exposing themselves to unhealthy conditions (British diary 2006).Social class does impact in health and illness. There is a great correlation between the take aim of profession and mortality through the correlation between the level of profession and morality, it is hinted that the higher up the social level the longer the life expectancy (Mark 2005, Scnitter 2004) emphasised those in the land social class have a poorer he alth status than those in higher social classes. Individual in diverse social classes frequently have unlike nutritional styles, leisure time activities and manners towards health (Townsend et al, 1988,1992 cited by British Journal 2006). People in the lower social class often adopt more dangerous and health damage behaviour. They privilege not to eat well, prefer to smoke more cigarettes and prefer to drink more (Devinder genus Rana and Dominic Upton 2009). People choice this unhealthy behaviour because they found it as the only way know to them, that urinate for them and procurable for them to get through difficult situations and problems. An example is my cousin Mr B who is a 45 years African British man who was brought to live in Britain at the age of 10 years due to the father migration to work in the United Kingdom. Mr B often truanted from school and began binge drinking from the age of 12-13 years old. He went out of the school at the age of 14 years without any certific ate. And went out of the parent house and followed his peers who also abuse drugs (cannabis) and alcohol. The extended family effort in modelling his life and not to follow his father footsteps proved abortive as he never sleeps at home nor take their advice. At the age of 17 years, he got job as a warehouse clerk but could not hold the job more than six months because he always use the money on alcohol to the extent that he could not pass his house rents and bills. He started living on public assistance and had council flat. As he had been addicted to alcohol he could not even use the benefit for food. He uses it on alcohol. He became having malnutrition due to lack of good dietetic intake. At the age of 35 years he was diagnosed with oral cancer.The role of family and social networks in shaping and sustaining life style in babe development can not be over-emphasised. In view of this family, peer group, school has a great influence on an individual lifestyle (Ochieng 2003) In m ost cases people like my cousin Mr B completed their failure in life and then indulged in drinking in order to cover their weaknesses and believe that the use of alcohol as a means to get through their shortcomings and situations.(Devinder Rana Dominic Upton 2009).From sociological perspective different ethnic groups have different health status. The term ethnic groups covers a large number of individuals (Rassol 2006) cited by DEvinder Rana Dominic Upton. It is important to note that ethnic groupings include beliefs, tradition, languages and moral values. In addition factors such as lifestyles, utilisation or marriage, religion also influence these ethnic groupings. For example white lrish men (58%) and women (37%) were likely than other ethnic group to drink in excess of government lines followed by Black Caribbean (27%) men and (17%) of women while the to the lowest degree is the Pakistani Bangladesh and Chinese groups (Devinder Raha Dominic 2009. From this indication the mo de of consumption of alcohol by these different ethnic groups would have great impact on their health status (Sangster et al cited by Devinder Raha Dominic). Ethnic group with high level of alcohol of consumption would be more prone to cancer and other related diseases than ethnic with less consumption. (Adam-Campbell 2001) In essence white Irish consumed more alcohol than other EU countries (Goodman Lovejoy Sherratt 2007It has also been argued by sociologists and psychologists that environment in which people live due to social status have great impacts on their behaviour. For example if individual found himself/herself in a volatile, unhealthy environment where people living in such body politic mostly indulge in alcohol use as lifestyle then there is the tendency that the individual would join the cast outdwagon in order to integrate into the community. On the other hand if the community is more diligent in natural lively lifestyle in order to mete out with stress, boredom a nd problem then the individual would live a lifestyle that would project the image of the community.(Joens-Matre et al 2008)Individuals have the right to choose whether or not to adopt a healthy lifestyle and therefore media plays a vital role in determining the choices. In essence therefore media affects behaviour and greatly accounts for structuring or shaping lifestyles (Bells Hollows 2005). Generally the motive of jam media is to bod the common sense, cultural ideas and the interpretation of the world (Russell and Edgar 1988 cited by Jennis Naidoo and Jane Wills 2008). The social impact of media is to effect fundamental behavioural changes among a large segmentation of the population and this effectively done in television broadcasting which has a massive influence on the viewers.In conclusion alcohol is a drug that contributes to an estimated 40000 deaths per year with significant cost to the NHS (Taylor 2006). Undoubtedly there would be a continuous rise in the trend in alc ohol consumption due to the relaxing of licensing laws related to public house source hours. This RED signal or unhealthy behaviour of the people should be a great concern to the government and now Government should see people as first concern not the monetary aspect. of late a call has been made by health practitioners that Government should ban advertisement of alcohol through sports and musical sponsorship. Policy should now be centred on how to provide vital information on health and handiness of healthcare to all in respective of the social class, ethnic, or disfavor people. People adopt a good lifestyle based on information available.(Great Britain 2000) emphasised and encouraged people to take up physical exercise in order to have a healthy lifestyle. A lifestyle can either be positively or negatively reinforced by source of information on positive lifestyle, family and social network. By and large the writer is of the view that whatever the attractions, appeals or social norms attached to alcohol, it is a drug that has psychological and sociological effect on lives of the people in particular and society in general. It is a arousal and then a depressant that affects the reasoning and judgement of individual. To cap it all it is a mood changing and therefore leads to violence and poor health.REFERENCES1) Adams-Campbell, L.L (2001), Diet, ancestral Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer in African-American.Ft. Belvoir, Defence Technical Information union2) Bell, D Hollows, J (2005). Ordinary lifestyles Popular media, consumption and taste. Maiden, England, Open University twitch.3) Carlson N R (2004) Physiology of Behaviour 8th edn. Allyn and Bacon, Boston4) Ciccocioppo, R Hyytia P (2006) The genetic of alcoholism, learning from 50 years of research, Addictions Biology 11 (3-4) 193-194 cited by D Rana D Upton5) Dillard A.J Mccaul K D Klein W M (2006) impossible optimism and self protective motivation. Journal of Health Communication 11, 93- 1026) D rummond C, Oyeso A Philips T (2004). Department of Health Alcohol Needs Assessment Research objectify (ANAPR) Stationery Office London7) Goodman J, Lovejoy, P E Sherrant A (2007). consuming habits global and historical perspectives on how cultures define drugs. London, Rouledge8) Great Britain, 2000. Encourage walk of life advice to local authorities, Integrated transport. London9) Joens-Matre, Welk G J, Calabro M A, Rusell D W, Nicklaye E, Hansley L D (2008). farming(prenominal)-urban differences in physical activity, physical fitness and overweight preponderance of children. The journal of Rural Health Official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health care Association. 24, 49-5410)Kwok, I 2006). Healthy lifestyle, Liberal studies in life. Hong Kong. Manhattan Press11)Leventhal, H Cleary P. D (1980) A review of the research and theory in behavioural risk modification. Psychological Bulletin. 88, 370-40512) Mark, D. F (2005) Health Psychol ogy Theory, Research and Practice, Sage Publications13)McCambridge J, Strang J (2004). The faculty of single session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug related risk and harm among young people, Addiction, Practice breast feeding 2008 vol. 19, 287-29114)Miller W.R, Rollnick S (2002) Motivational Interviewing preparing people to change. Addictive Behaviour, Guilford Press, London 2nd edn. Guilford Press, newfound York15)Naidoo, J Wills, J (2008) An introduction Health Studies 2nd edn. Pulished by Palgrave Macmillian, Houndmills Basingstoke Hampshire saucily York16)Ochieng B. M. N 92003) Minority ethnic families and family-centred care. Journal of child Health 123-3217)Office for National Statistics (2004) Living in Britain Results from 2002 General Household Survey. British journal of nursing 2006 vol. 15, 1217-19. The Stationery office, London18)Ogden, J (2000) Health Psychology, Buckingham. Open University Press19)Rana, D Upton D (200 9) Psychology for nurses, 1st published. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex England20)Rassol, G. H (2006) aggregate abuse in black and minority ethnic communities in the United Kingdom. Journal of Addiction Nursing 17, 59-3 as cited by D Rana D Upton21)RiseJ, Kovac V Kraft P, Moan I. S (2008) Predicting the intention to hold on smoking and behaviour British journal of health psychology 13, 291-31022)Russell A Edgar L R (1998) Research and Practice in the anthropology of welfare,. The anthropology of welfare. London. Routledge cited by J Naidoo J Wills (2008)23)Sangster, D Shiner, M Patel K Sheikh N (2001).Deliveries medicate Services to Black and minority ethnic communities, DPASS 16 London cited by D Rana D Upton 2009-09-1024)Schnitter J (2004) Education and the changing shape of the income gradient in health. Journal of health and social behaviour, 45 (3) 286-305 cited by D Rana D Upton 2009-09-1025)Taylor B (2006) Implementation and clinical scrutiniz e of alcohol detoxification guidelines. British journal 15 (1) 30-726)Tones K. Green J (2004) Health PromotionPlanning and Strategies, Sage London27)Tones K Tilford S (2001) Health Promotion Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity. Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham28)Townsend P Davidson N, Whitehead M, (1988) Inequalities in Health. British journal of community nursing vol.11 78-81 (2006). Penguin London29)Wallston K.A Wallston B.S (1982), Hudson (2001) cited by Naidoo J Wills J (2008)30)Walker, J, Payne, S, metalworker P, Jarret N (2004) Psychology for nurses and the caring professions 2nd edn. London Open university Press31) Weinstein N (1987) cited by Naidoo J Wills (2008)